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Large-scale model test study on the water pressure resistance of construction joints of karst tunnel

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》页码 1249-1263 doi: 10.1007/s11709-023-0974-x

摘要： Model tests and numerical calculations were adopted based on the New Yuanliangshan tunnel project to investigate the water pressure resistance of lining construction joints in high-pressure and water-rich karst tunnels. A large-scale model test was designed and conducted, innovatively transforming the external water pressure of the lining construction joint into internal water pressure. The effects of the embedded position and waterstop type on the water pressure resistance of the construction joint were analyzed, and the reliability of the model test was verified via numerical calculations. The results show that using waterstops can significantly improve the water pressure resistance of lining construction joints. The water pressure resistance of the lining construction joint is positively correlated with the lining thickness and embedded depth of the waterstop. In addition, the type of waterstop significantly influences the water pressure resistance of lining construction joints. The test results show that the water pressure resistance of the embedded transverse reinforced waterstop is similar to that of the steel plate waterstop, and both have more advantages than the rubber waterstop. The water pressure resistance of the construction joint determined via numerical calculations is similar to the model test results, indicating that the model test results have high accuracy and reliability. This study provides a reference for similar projects and has wide applications.

关键词： karst tunnel lining construction joint water pressure resistance large-scale model test numerical calculations

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厦门翔安海底隧道衬砌水压力特征研究

程正明

《中国工程科学》 2012年第14卷第11期页码 29-35

摘要：

合理确定衬砌水压力是海底隧道结构设计的关键所在。采用复变函数和地下水动力学理论，推导了圆形海底隧道衬砌外水压力解析法计算公式，经对比验证，精度高、适用性广。通过海底隧道水压力模型试验研究得到，全封堵防水方式下，衬砌背后水压不能折减；限量排放时，衬砌背后水压力随排水量的增加而减小，建立了限量排放下的水压力计算公式，得到现场实测结果验证。研究成果应用于国内第一条海底隧道──厦门翔安海底隧道，为“以堵为主、限量排放”的支护结构设计和海底风化槽地段注浆堵水方案的制订提供了关键技术参数，现场应用成效良好。相关研究成果对后续海底隧道工程具有一定借鉴意义。

关键词：海底隧道衬砌水压力模型试验限量排放折减

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Modeling of coal swelling induced by water vapor adsorption

Zhejun PAN

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第1期页码 94-103 doi: 10.1007/s11705-011-1172-2

摘要： Gas adsorption-induced coal swelling is a well-know phenomenon. Coal swelling or shrinkage by adsorption or desorption of water vapor has not been well understood but has significant implications on gas drainage process for underground coal mining and for primary and enhanced coalbed methane production. Decreased matrix moisture content leads to coal shrinkage and thus the change of cleat porosity and permeability under reservoir conditions. Unlike gas adsorption in coal which usually forms a single layer of adsorbed molecules, water vapor adsorption in the coal micropores forms multilayer of adsorbed molecules. In this work, a model has been developed to describe the coal swelling strain with respect to the amount of moisture intake by the coal matrix. The model extended an energy balance approach for gas adsorption-induced coal swelling to water vapor adsorption-induced coal swelling, assuming that only the first layer of adsorbed molecules of the multilayer adsorption changes the surface energy, which thus causes coal to swell. The model is applied to describe the experimental swelling strain data measured on an Australian coal. The results show good agreement between the model and the experimental data.

关键词： multilayer adsorption vapour pressure coal shrinkage relative humidity permeability

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节能环保工程水压爆破研究与应用

何广沂,段昌炎,荆山,王太超

《中国工程科学》 2003年第5卷第9期页码 43-48

摘要：

节能环保工程水压爆破是一种新的爆破技术，文章主要介绍该项技术提高炸药能量利用率和保护环境的理论分析和模拟试验，着重是创新突破点、关键技术和实际应用所取得的显著技术经济效果。

关键词：工程水压爆破模拟试验能量利用率

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高压富水充填溶腔释能降压技术

张梅,张民庆,朱鹏飞,黄鸿健

《中国工程科学》 2009年第11卷第12期页码 13-19

摘要：

高压富水充填溶腔具有水量大、水压高、规模范围大、充填介质复杂的特征，工程施工风险极高，采用传统的注浆法进行处理，受地层的不均一性、材料选择、技术水平的影响，难免会出现注浆盲区，施工中一旦注浆盲区被高压水击穿，将会发生大规模突水突泥，造成灾害。针对宜万铁路所遇到的高压富水充填溶腔，通过科技攻关，提出采取释能降压新技术进行处治。经现场实践，安全、经济、可靠，并取得了成功。释能降压技术是针对高压富水充填溶腔采取有计划、有目的的精确爆破揭示，从而释放溶腔所存储的能量，降低施工及运营过程中水土压力对隧道形成影响，之后，通过配套处治措施完成溶腔治理。

关键词：高压富水充填溶腔释能降压技术精确爆破安全设计

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高压富水断层“外堵内固注浆法”设计新理念与工程实践

张民庆,张梅

《中国工程科学》 2009年第11卷第12期页码 26-34

摘要：

宜万铁路齐岳山隧道F11断层由断层角砾岩、破裂岩、断层泥组成，断层内富含高压水，超前探孔单孔最大涌水量1 800 m3/h，水压力2.5 MPa。针对F11高压富水断层，前期按“以堵为主、限量排放”施工原则，采取全断面帷幕注浆措施，注浆工程量大、进度慢。为及早攻克F11高压富水断层，建设单位多次邀请院士、专家现场踏勘、研讨，提出“注浆加固、分水降压、快挖快封、加强监测、综合治理”施工技术方案，将全断面帷幕注浆调整为外堵内固注浆。对于高压富水断层，通常的设计是加固圈厚一些、加固体强一些，而外堵内固注浆是将隧道周边岩体、水量及水压力分布假定为不均匀性，从而通过超前探孔锁定弱水区和强水区，针对弱水区采取基本注浆，对强水区采取加强注浆，注浆机理为“封堵裂隙、减少水量；固结围岩、改良地层。”注浆时，先通过区域定位孔进行无约束注浆堵水，从而使地层中水量得到有效控制，然后按“合理步距、封堵水流，由外到内、环环相扣，间隔跳孔、锁定水源，增加补孔、区域加强”的注浆理念进行注浆施工。通过现场实践，外堵内固注浆能达到注浆堵水和加固效果。外堵内固注浆与全断面帷幕注浆相比，注浆孔数量和注浆量减少50 %，在水量大时，注浆进度提高80 %，一般情况下提高50 %以上，因此，外堵内固注浆具有广阔的推广应用价值。

关键词：高压富水断层不均匀性注浆堵水加固外堵内固注浆创新

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evaluation of an improved biomass-fired cogeneration system simultaneously using extraction steam, cooling water

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第2期页码 321-335 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0741-4

摘要： An advanced cogeneration system based on biomass direct combustion was developed and its feasibility was demonstrated. In place of the traditional single heat source (extraction steam), the extraction steam from the turbine, the cooling water from the plant condenser, and the low-pressure feedwater from the feedwater preheating system were collectively used for producing district heat in the new scheme. Hence, a remarkable energy-saving effect could be achieved, improving the overall efficiency of the cogeneration system. The thermodynamic and economic performance of the novel system was examined when taking a 35 MW biomass-fired cogeneration unit for case study. Once the biomass feed rate and net thermal production remain constant, an increment of 1.36 MW can be expected in the net electric production, because of the recommended upgrading. Consequently, the total system efficiency and effective electrical efficiency augmented by 1.23 and 1.50 percentage points. The inherent mechanism of performance enhancement was investigated from the energy and exergy aspects. The economic study indicates that the dynamic payback period of the retrofitting project is merely 1.20 years, with a net present value of 5796.0 k$. In conclusion, the proposed concept is validated to be advantageous and profitable.

关键词： biomass-fired cogeneration district heat production system absorption heat pump extraction steam cooling water low-pressure feedwater

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Pilot study for the treatment of sodium and fluoride-contaminated groundwater by using high-pressure

Xiaomao WANG,Hongwei YANG,Zhenyu LI,Shaoxia YANG,Yuefeng XIE

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第1期页码 155-163 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0740-3

摘要： High-pressure membrane process is one of the cost-effective technologies for the treatment of groundwater containing excessive dissolved solids. This paper reports a pilot study in treating a typical groundwater in Huaibei Plain containing excessive sodium, sulfate and fluoride ions. Three membrane systems were set up and two brands of reverse osmosis (RO), four low-pressure RO (LPRO) and one tight nanofiltration (NF) membranes were tested under this pilot study. An apparent recovery rate at about 75% was adopted. Cartridge filtration, in combination with dosing antiscalent, was not sufficient to reduce the fouling potential of the raw water. All RO and LPRO systems (except for the two severely affected by membrane fouling) demonstrated similar rejection ratios of the conductivity (~98.5%), sodium (~98.5%) and fluoride (~99%). Membrane fouling substantially reduced the rejection performance of the fouled membranes. The tight NF membrane also had a good rejection on conductivity (95%), sodium (94%) and fluoride (95%). All membranes rejected sulfate ion almost completely (more than 99%). The electricity consumptions for the RO, LPRO and NF systems were 1.74, 1.10 and 0.72 kWh?m treated water, respectively. The estimated treatment costs by using typical RO, LPRO and tight NF membrane systems were 1.21, 0.98 and 0.96 CNY?m finished water, respectively. A treatment process consisting of either LPRO or tight NF facilities following multi-media filtration was suggested.

关键词： reverse osmosis (RO) nanofiltration (NF) water quality standards sodium fluoride cost estimation

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大埋深富水砂卵石地层泥水盾构带压换刀及动火焊接技术

程明亮,何峰,吕传田

《中国工程科学》 2010年第12卷第12期页码 46-50

摘要：

通过北京铁路地下直径线工程盾构施工实践经验，总结了大埋深富水砂卵石地层泥水盾构施工中带压换刀技术以及特殊情况下的带压动火焊接技术。带压换刀的技术主要有两个方面:一是选择合理换刀地点及进舱工作压力，保证掌子面土体的稳定；二是进行开挖舱高浓度泥浆的置换和中盾高浓度泥浆的注入，有效地防止了气体的逃逸。在施工中成功实现了带压进舱250余次，工作压力从0.9 bar (1 bar=100 kPa)增加到2.8 bar，未发生任何安全事故。

关键词：泥水盾构砂卵石地层富水地层带压换刀焊接

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水下钻孔爆破的爆炸冲击波测试与分析

柯松林,李琳娜,司剑峰,钟冬望

《中国工程科学》 2014年第16卷第11期页码 103-106

摘要：

以厦门港古雷航道水下炸礁为例，分析了水下钻孔爆破的水击波形成特征，并通过爆破区的水中冲击波压力监测，实测了不同距离处的水击波压力大小和变化规律，研究了水中冲击波压力幅值、正压作用时间等作用特性，得到了水击波传播衰减公式。研究成果对指导工程设计施工和环境安全评估具有参考意义。

关键词：水下钻孔爆破水中冲击波压力特性

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水射流技术在石油工程中的应用及前景展望

沈忠厚,李根生,王瑞和

《中国工程科学》 2002年第4卷第12期页码 60-65

摘要：

论述了水射流技术在我国石油工程中的研究和应用情况。应用实验方法建立了淹没非自由射流压力及水功率衰减计算模型，建立了以井底获得最大水功率，优选水力参数设计的新方法和新模型。应用瞬态流理论及水声学原理建立了两种谐振腔的基本关系式和结构数学模型。建立了在钻井双向应力作用下，岩石裂纹发展方向模型。介绍了研制的3种新型高效钻头，即加长喷嘴牙轮钻头、自振射流钻头和射流及机械联合破岩钻头。展望了水射流技术在超高压射流钻井、稠油及低渗油藏开采、提高采收率等方面的应用前景。

关键词：水射流技术石油钻井油气开采高压和超高压射流

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岩溶隧道衬砌水压力分布规律研究

谭忠盛,李健,薛斌,王秀英

《中国工程科学》 2009年第11卷第12期页码 87-92

摘要：

长期以来隧道衬砌水压力问题，一直是人们争论的焦点。依托宜万铁路岩溶隧道工程，对不同防排水方式（即全封堵、堵排结合及排放方式）的隧道衬砌水压力分布规律进行研究，研究方法主要采用模型试验及现场测试方法，模型试验的比例尺为1∶16，试验台架可同时施加土压和水压。通过模型试验得出水压力分布规律：全封堵条件下衬砌背后水压力不能折减，注浆圈也不能有效减小水压力；隧道内排水后衬砌背后水压力明显减小，并随着排水量的增加，水压力基本成直线下降；相同排水量时，注浆效果越好，衬砌背后水压力减小越明显；隧道采用全排导方式时，衬砌仍承受一定的水压。由模型试验得出的水压分布规律的部分结论，在现场水压力测试中得到了验证。

关键词：岩溶隧道全封堵限量排放水压力模型试验

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采用分布式光纤传感技术的土坝模型渗漏监测分析

杜朝伟,王梦恕,谭忠盛

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第3期页码 86-91

摘要：

海底隧道应采取堵水限排的地下水处理方式，为了研究堵水限排海底隧道围岩压力、初期支护水压力和钢拱架内力在施工阶段的变化规律，结合厦门海底隧道工程，对施工现场的围岩压力、初期支护后水压力和钢拱架内力进行实时监测。研究表明，初期支护在施工阶段有较高的安全系数，止水超前注浆和初期支护背后注浆对海底隧道非常有必要。在堵水限排情况下，通过加强注浆等工程措施，初期支护水压力可降至静水压力的1/3。通过对施工现场排水量的监测与分析，提出了排水量控制标准，厦门海底隧道软弱围岩地段的排水量应按照0.25 m³/（m·d）控制。研究成果在厦门海底隧道中得到了验证和应用。

关键词：厦门海底隧道堵水限排施工监测水压力排水量

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Deviation correction strategy for the earth pressure balance shield based on shield–soil interactions

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第17卷第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-022-0676-4

摘要： The control system presently used in shield posture rectification is based on driver experience, which is marginally reliable. The study of the related theory is flawed. Therefore, a decision-making approach for the deviation correction trajectory and posture rectification load for an earth pressure balance (EPB) shield is proposed. A calculation model of posture rectification load of an EPB shield is developed by considering the interactions among the cutter head, shield shell, and ground. The additional position change during the shield attitude correction is highlighted. The posture rectification loads and shield behaviors results can be solved by the proposed method. The influences of the stratum distribution (i.e., bedrock height in the upper-soft and lower-hard strata) on shield behaviors and posture rectification loads are analyzed. Results indicated that the increase of pitch angle in the upper-soft and lower-hard strata causes a sharp rise in vertical displacement. The bedrock height increases the magnitudes of the required posture rectification moments when h_r/D > 0.5. For a tunnel with h_r/D ≤ 0.5, the variation of h_r/D has little effect on the posture rectification moments. Finally, the posture rectifying curves based on the theoretical model are compared with the target ones based on the double circular arc interpolation method. The required results can be obtained regardless of the soil–rock compound stratum distribution. The maximum rectification moment in the rock layer is almost 12.6 times that in the soil layer. Overall, this study provides a valuable reference for moment determination and the trajectory prediction of posture rectification in compound strata.

关键词： additional position change deviation correction trajectory earth pressure balance shield mechanical model posture rectification

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隧道开挖诱发富水有压溶洞破裂突水过程数值模拟

黄明利,王飞,路威,谭忠盛

《中国工程科学》 2009年第11卷第12期页码 93-96

摘要：

在岩溶地区修建隧道，溶洞将引起隧道围岩的变形、开裂和失稳，常常诱发隧道突水突泥灾害。从力学角度对岩溶隧道突水突泥机理研究对隧道突水突泥灾害及时预报和有效治理具有重要意义。通过岩石破裂过程分析程序（RFPA），用数值模拟方法对隧道施工诱发隐伏有压溶洞破裂突水过程中的应力场、位移场和声发射等特征进行了系统研究，研究结果加深了对有压溶洞随着压力增加引起隧道突水过程机理的理解，为该类型溶洞的预报和治理提供了参考依据。

关键词：有压溶洞隧道开挖力学机理数值模拟